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Cancer News Headlines
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All Recent Cancer News Headlines |
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Emerging Treatment for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Introduction
This issue of Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery includes a series of articles which highlight newer technologies and advances in the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a focus on the high-risk patient. Thoracic surgery is rapidly evolving, and it is critical that surgeons are apprised of new technological advances, as well as some of the controversies surrounding them. Here, the management of early-stage NSCLC, including risk assessment for pulmonary resection, newer techniques and concepts for lung resection in high-risk patients, and emerging new technologies, is featured. (Source: Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 04:36 AM --
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Risk Assessment for Pulmonary Resection
Risk assessment for pulmonary resection must include a preliminary cardiac evaluation. Patients deemed at prohibitive cardiac risk should be evaluated and treated as per American Heart Association/American Society of Cardiology guidelines. Those with low cardiac risk or with optimized treatment can proceed with pulmonary assessment. A systematic measurement of lung carbon monoxide diffusing capacity is recommended. In addition, predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second should not be used alone for patient selection because it is not an accurate predictor of complications, particularly in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The use of exercise testing should be emphasized. Low-technology tests, such as stair climbing, can be used whenever a formal cardiop......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 04:36 AM --
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Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lobectomy via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has a lower rate of morbidity and is less immunosuppressive than open lobectomy. Compared with open lobectomy, VATS lobectomy appears to have equivalent oncological results. We review the literature on perioperative outcomes, biological impact, and oncological results. Most published reports to dateâalthough retrospectiveâsuggest significant perioperative advantages to VATS lobectomy over open lobectomy. Data on acute phase reactants and cellular immunity show that VATS lobectomy causes less of an inflammatory response and is less immunosuppressive than open lobectomy. Mid- to long-term oncological results of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) appear to be equivalent for VATS and open lobectomy. Clinica......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 04:36 AM --
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Sublobar Resection for Early-Stage Lung Cancer
The use of sublobar resection techniques (anatomic segmentectomy; extended wedge) in the treatment of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer has been associated with increased local recurrence rates compared with lobectomy. Recent data, however, have suggested that sublobar resection of smaller tumors (especially those â¤2 cm) can be performed with no significant difference in local recurrence or long-term survival. These findings have particular relevance in elderly patients and in those patients who may be at high risk for lobectomy because of underlying medical comorbidities. Careful patient selection on the basis of individualized assessment of specific patient and tumor characteristics will aid in selecting the optimal approach. For larger tumors, or when adequate surgical margins ar......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 04:36 AM --
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Surgical Resection in Combination With Lung Volume Reduction Surgery for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Surgical resection remains the favored option of treatment for stage I lung cancer patients. Co-existing obstructive lung disease can reduce lung function and increase the risk of surgery. Severe emphysema may preclude resection of lung cancer due to concerns about low values of postoperative lung function. However, many patients will experience stable or improved lung function simply by resecting hyper-expanded and relatively functionless lung. This so-called âlung volume reduction effectâ may occur after standard resection or after rare instances of formal lung volume reduction surgery concurrent with pulmonary resection of the tumor. This review explores these possibilities and informs the readers of pioneering work in this area. (Source: Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surg......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 04:36 AM --
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Fractionated Radiotherapy for High-Risk Patients with Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
The treatment of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and cardiopulmonary dysfunction has rapidly evolved during the past decade. Although fractionated radiotherapy has been the most frequently used alternative treatment, additional approaches, including limited resection with or without brachytherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, and radiofrequency ablation are increasingly used and have now been studied prospectively. This review will focus on the potential current role of fractionated radiotherapy for high-risk patients with particular consideration of altered fractionation schemes and recent advances in treatment related technology. (Source: Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 04:36 AM --
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Image-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasm in High-Risk Patients
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Surgical resection with a lobectomy is the standard treatment for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. With an aging population, however, there are a significant number of patients who have other comorbidities that preclude surgical resection. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation is a new emerging modality of treatment which may be applicable in this high-risk group of patients. In this article, we review the principles of radiofrequency ablation, the common devices in use, the results of ablate and resect studies, future directions, and the results of treatment for stage I non-small cell lung neoplasm. (Source: Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 04:36 AM --
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Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Lung Tumors
This article reviews the history of SRS as applied to lung tumors, summarizes the currently available data on efficacy and toxicity, and describes some of the current controversial aspects of this treatment. (Source: Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 04:36 AM --
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Scientists identify protein that spurs formation of Alzheimer's plaques
In Alzheimer's disease, the problem is beta-amyloid, a protein that accumulates in the brain and causes nerve cells to weaken and die. Drugs designed to eliminate plaques made of beta-amyloid have a fatal problem: they need to enter the brain and remove the plaques without attacking healthy brain cells. New research, however, suggests that treatments modeled on the blockbuster cancer drug Gleevec could be the solution. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:38 AM --
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Analysis of the frequency of GNAS codon 201 mutations in advanced colorectal cancer
With the advancement of massively parallel sequencing technologies and the advent of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), we are poised to see an exponential growth of sequencing data for numerous types of cancers. These data will allow identification of countless somatic mutations that cause cancers and will be a significant driver for cancer research, thus enabling the identification of new targets for therapy. (Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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Table of Contents
(Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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A case of angioimmunoblastic T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a neocentric inv dup(1)
Abstract: Neocentromeres are rare epigenetic phenomena in which functional centromeres are formed onto novel chromosomal locations without any α-satellite DNA. To date, constitutional human neocentromeres have been reported in at least 90 cases. In cancer, however, the knowledge is much more limited. Acquired neocentromeres have been described in a particular class of lipomatous tumors (atypical lipomas and well-differentiated liposarcomas; ALP-WDLPS), three cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), one case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and one case of lung carcinoma. Here, we report on a 66-year-old male with angioimmunoblastic T-cell NHL. Cytogenetic analysis of his bone marrow showed multiple aberrations, including the presence of a supernumerary chromosome. Using the fluorescence in si......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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Characterization of FRA7B, a human common fragile site mapped at the 7p chromosome terminal region
Abstract: Common fragile sites (CFS) are specific regions of the mammalian chromosomes that are particularly prone to gaps and breaks. They are a cause of genome instability, and the location of many CFS correlates with breakpoints of aberrations recurrent in some cancers. The molecular characterization of some CFS has not clarified the causes of their fragility. In this work, by using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with BAC and PAC clones, we determined the DNA sequence of the CFS FRA7B. The FRA7B sequence was then analyzed to identify coding sequences and some structural features possibly involved in fragility. FRA7B spans about 12.2 megabases, and is therefore one of the largest CFS analyzed. It maps at the 7p21.3-22.3 chromosome bands, therefore at the interface of G- and ......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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Cell culture and senescence in uterine fibroids
Abstract: The in vitro growth of cells from uterine fibroids is characterized by an early onset of senescence. Often, an even lower growth potential than that of matching myometrial cells is noted. Also, the tremendous differences in the expression of the high mobility group protein HMGA2 seen when comparing fibroids of different genetic subtypes are surprisingly not reflected by significant differences in their growth potential in vitro. We aimed to evaluate possible changes of the HMGA2 expression level between the native tissue and cell cultures, so we performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction studies that revealed a marked decrease of the HMGA2 mRNA in culture in those cases with overexpression of HMGA2. In the two cases initially showing the highest expression, it dec......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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Array comparative genomic hybridization in the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and aggressive disease derived from mature T cells . In T-PLL, the karyotype is usually complex and characterized by the presence of multiple chromosomal changes. Chromosome aberrations involving the T-cell receptor α and δ locus genes (TRA@ and TRD@; hereafter referred to as TCRα/δ) on chromosome subband 14q11.2; are primary oncogenic events in this disorder. These aberrations lead to deregulated transcription of targeted oncogenes by their juxtaposition with the TCRα/δ regulatory sequences. Recurring chromosomal lesions include inversion or translocation involving the TCL1A locus (alias TCL1) , that is, inv(14)(q11.2q32.3) or t(14;14)(q11.2;q32.3). (Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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MYC in gastric carcinoma and intestinal metaplasia of young adults
MYC has a key role in gastric carcinogenesis. We evaluated MYC copy number and protein expression in non-neoplasic, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer samples from five young adults. We observed a significant increase of MYC amplification with the evolution of carcinogenesis process. MYC overexpression was observed in intestinal metaplasia and neoplastic tissue from all patients with intestinal-type gastric cancer and from no patients with diffuse type. MYC copy number and expression can be biomarkers of gastric malignance. (Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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Deep fibrous histiocytoma with a clonal karyotypic alteration: molecular cytogenetic characterization of a t(16;17)(p13.3;q21.3)
In conclusion, our data show that chromosome aberrations may be found in deep fibrous histiocytoma and that, as with cutaneous lesions, they may have clonal, at present nonrecurrent, chromosome changes. (Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics)...
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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ETV6âARNT fusion in a patient with childhood T lymphoblastic leukemia
Abstract: The ETS variant gene 6 (ETV6) gene is located at 12p13, and is frequently involved in translocations in various human neoplasms, resulting in the expression of fusion proteins consisting of the amino-terminal part of ETV6 and unrelated transcription factors or protein tyrosine kinases. Leukemia with t(1;12)(q21;p13) was previously described in a 5-year-old boy with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML-M2) who exhibited a novel ETV6-aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) fusion protein. We herein report the case of a 2-year-old boy with T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) harboring t(1;12)(q21;p13). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a ETV6 dual-color DNA probe revealed that the split signals of the ETV6 gene in 96.7% of bone marrow cells, indicating rearr......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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Novel BRCA1/2 mutations in Serbian breast and breastâovarian cancer patients with hereditary predisposition
Abstract: Mutations in breast cancer susceptibility (BRCA) genes lead to defects in DNA repair processes resulting in elevated genome instability and predisposing to breast and ovarian cancer. The study was designed to detect mutational spectra of BRCA1/2 genes in a Serbian population. Using automated DNA sequencing, we tested individuals for BRCA mutations, based on positive family history of either breast or ovarian cancer or both. Two novel mutations (c.4765_4784del in BRCA1 exon 15 and c.4367_4368dupTT in BRCA2 exon 11) were detected, in three probands from two different families. These mutations have not been reported previously in the BIC or LOVD databases. Protein products of these mutated alleles lack domains necessary for their DNA repair functions, an indicator that these are del......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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Amplification of the RARA gene in acute myeloid leukemia: significant finding or coincidental observation?
We present a unique case of a 59-year-old female with a history of breast cancer, now presenting with pancytopenia and bilateral infiltration with effusion in nodules of the right upper lobe of the lung. She was diagnosed with AML-M5. Chromosome analysis demonstrated a hypodiploid clone with complex numerical/structural abnormalities including 5q deletion, monosomy 7, as well as structurally rearranged chromosome 11 and several marker chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed amplification of RARA, loss of 7q, monosomy 7, loss of DEK (6p23), and additional copies of NUP214 (9q34) and MLL (11q23). Additional FISH studies showed both ERBB2 and TOP2A genes, which were co-amplified on one of the marker chromosomes. The follow-up bone marrow did not yield any metaph......
POSTED 09/02/2010 at 03:28 AM --
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